Linguistic Reading Response Paper on “The Celtic Languages”

It is interesting to note that the term ‘Celt’ is a linguistic term first mentioned in the writings of Greek and Roman ethnographers and historians (MacAulay, p. 2). My idea of the concept is that of a particular people with a distinct language who once inhabited Great Britain. It turns out that this language, generally known as Continental Celtic, has a range of dialects once spread out across the various peoples of Europe such as in Gaul and northern Italy, yet died out on the European continent a few centuries back. Celtic survived however, in the British Isles and in Ireland, which is quite a feat given the dominance of Latin and later English settlements. In terms of linguistic affinities, Celtic is recognized as an Indo-European language though it is of interest to note that experts regard it as having archaic features (MacAulay, p. 3), i.e. its lack of a fully developed infinitive, differentiation of gender in numerals 3 and 4, among others, sometimes attributed to its being a ‘peripheral’ language removed from an innovating center. Variations between the Celtic languages, i.e. Continental and Insular, appear to be a convoluted matter best left to linguists. Ultimately the evolved form of the modern Celtic languages has special typological features which are both archaic (conservative) and innovative. Locative structures used to express location and possession are utilized to express aspectual modes, which in turn cover the range of progressive, prospective and perfective aspects in Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and optionally in British (MacAulay, p. 6). On the other hand, Breton and Irish have innovated based on their majority contact languages French and English, to develop new perfective constructions, as contact with these languages is a primary accelerating source of innovation in Celtic tongues. Thus, languages continue to evolve as its speakers, in the course of their interaction with those of other cultures, are exposed to foreign influences in the on-going social interface between peoples and nations in an increasingly globalizing world. Linguistic Response Paper on the â€Å"Creole Continuum† The so-called ‘Creole continuum‘ evolve in situations in which a creole coexists with its lexical source language and there is social motivation for creole speakers to acquire the standard so that the speech of individuals takes on features of the latter – or avoids features of the former – to varying degrees (p. 50). Considering that linguists for a long time were unsure on how to classify varieties with both creole and non-creole features, particularly the English-based varieties of the West Indies, it appears significant to consider that among the many Negro slaves in different parts of America, the jargon upon becoming the only language of the subject group, is a creolized language considered inferior to the masters’ speech yet nonetheless subject to constant leveling-out and improvement in the direction of the latter (Bloomfield, 1933, p. 474). Linguists such as DeCamp attempted to work out a theoretical model that could deal with variation in a sufficiently rigorous manner, in reaction to the transformational generative grammar coming to dominate American linguistics. The general usefulness of the continuum model gained wide acceptance by the mid-1970s, yet it is true that it fails to explain why Atlantic creoles in particular share so many structural features not found in their different lexical source languages (p. 58). Thus the shift back into a universalist theory giving primacy to language acquisition. Chomsky (1965) had proposed that children were born with a predisposition to recognize certain universal properties of language that facilitated their acquisition of the language of their particular speech community (p. 58). Yet such an assertion is still open to scholarly debate and argumentation. It would thus appear that the answer to the creole question remains elusive, despite advances in linguistic studies and theory. References MacAulay, Donald. â€Å"The Celtic languages: an overview†

Religion and discrimination Essay

One might take the view that society should be tolerant to any religion so long as it conforms to our laws and written constitution. At first glance, this statement seems as fit an answer as possible to the question of societal limits to religious tolerance. Unofrtunately, if one were to consider the matter with more caution, one would eventually see that the statement could only be part of a greater answer. It is without a consideration of some of the elements which constitute cults, as well as other factors, that one would falter in devising a definitive answer to the question. Certain followings or ‘faiths’ which claim to be religions that are prevalent today are, in actuality, forms of cults. Although most of the practices and elements common to cults are legal, they are, at best, suspect. The following should constitute the line of telerance society should not cross. Firstly, what distinguishes cults from religions is the manner in which they operate. Cults are designed with a view of insulating the individual from the rest of society. Once a member of a cult, in most cases, the individual is removed of most (if not all) of their personal autonomy. Most decisions are made by the cult leader, access to the outside world is often denied, and all information about the outside world is distorted by the leader. These types of operations should be intolerable by society. Second, there should be no tolerance for ‘religions’ that espouse any form of sacrifice, be it human or animal. Although historically, these practices were more or less prevalent and accepted, there certainly is no place for them in modern times. Lastly, there should be a limit of religious tolerance with regards to the manner in which some display their beliefs. Individuals in society should not be subject toa ny violence or restriction of freedom as a consequence of someone else’s beliefs. There have been numerous illustrations of this in the past. Individuals have blocked abotion clinics, have participated in violent demonstrations concerning one issue or another, ad infinitum. These types of religiously-fuelled practices have no place in, and should not be  tolerated, in present day society. For some, the state has been seen to usurp the place of God on occasion. The fervent belief held by Jehovah’s Witnesses, in assence, acts as the basis of their religious dissent. There have been certain areas of the law, which historically, have given rise to the conflict between the Canadian legal system and Jahovah’s Witnesses. As a result of this conflict, a myriad of implications have arisen. On one extreme, has been state persecutions of Witnesses. On the other extreme, has been instances of law reform. A consideration of the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ bases of dissent will follow. To begin, the First and Second World Wars saw the Witnesses as refusing to be drafted into military service. This area of dissent arose out of their pacifist doctirne. They refused to be involved in military service, or in anything that could be tied in with the war effort. Next, Witnesses reject all practices which allude to idolation. Their firm belief that only Jehovah be worshipped ahs led them to refuse singing the national anthem and saluting the Canadian Flag. Anything to do with pledging allegiance to anything or anyone other than Jehovah is strictly intolerable. As well, Witnesses have had objections to education. They believe that only parents have the right to teach faith to their children. Moreover, the Witnesses have had the view that religious education does nothing but serve to indoctrinate children into the RomanCatholic faith. These beliefs have led them to oppose religious education in schools, and the celebration of such Christian holidays as Christmas and Easter. Lastly, their literal stance towards to Bible has contributed to the Witnesses’ opposition of such modern medical procedures as blood transfusions. Although their position is based solely upon two verses in the Bible, it does nothing to detract them from their adamant views on the subject. As can be demonstrated, the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ rigid stance on certain  legal issues has allowed them to continue on as ‘conscientious objectors’. Many of their theological beliefs have contributed to numerous areas of dissent between themselves and the Canadian legal system.

Legalization of Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legalization of Drugs - Essay Example f rise of various forms of violence that fundamentally arises as a result of disputes between the sellers and customers who have no choice but to rely on their own powers since neither of the two parties is backed by legal support. An analysis of the various forms of violence prevalent in the modern world suggests that in a vast majority of cases, drug oppression is the root cause of violence. Everyday, we read news about stuffed babies, dolls, vegetables, drug agents’ skin and capsules. Millions of dollars are spent on exploring and dealing with such cases resulting into an ever growing and flourishing drug industry. Every year, thousands of children are kidnapped by the drug dealers who murder them and stuff heroine in their bodies and take them to other countries. When such cases are caught, image of the drug exporting country is tarnished. Drug oppression not only indirectly encourages kidnapping and murder, but also tarnishes the international relations among countries. T his paper argues that legalization of drugs is fundamental to the elimination of violence from the society and provides evidence and reasoning for the same. basis of the sky high prices of drugs. It is the illegal and hidden process of drug smuggling that makes them so high priced. The drug addicts want to access them at any cost, even if they have to commit murder in their way to approaching the drugs. â€Å"The Presidents Commission on Organized Crime estimates a total of seventy drug market murders yearly in Miami alone. Based on that figure and FBI data, a reasonable nationwide estimate would be at least 750 murders a year. Recent estimates from New York and Washington are even higher.† (Ostrowski, 1993, p. 209 cited in Cussen and Block, 2000, p. 3). with disputes on the part of the smugglers and the drug purchasers. With no laws designed for the process and the parties involved, the concerned parties are forced to resort to their own power and resources to safeguard their personal

The Fall of The Roman Empire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fall of The Roman Empire - Essay Example However the major reasons for the Roman Empire could be stated as: antagonist behavior among Emperor and senate, derogatory moral and ethical principles, political corruption, the Empire’s vast expansion, the barbarian nature of Roman military and their heavy spending and natural disasters. One of the major cause o f declines of Roman Empire was the Agnostic style of rule by Roman rulers as they had legal power in military, civil and religious areas of Rome. The decisions of life and death were in hands of Roman rulers. The Roman rulers who were rich and immoral, practiced law in a wrongful manner led to their downfall. As per (Heather 102) â€Å"Roman public life was stripped of its moral fiber with the destruction of Carthage, its major rival, in 146 BC†. Decline in moral and ethical values was a prime reason for the destabilizing of the Roman Empire. The reckless behavior of wealthy upper class Romans had an adverse impact on Roman citizens. The malpractices like promiscuous sexual activates forgery, adultery and arrogance led to their fall gradually. The widespread emergence of brothels, gambling activities and excessive consumption of alcohol led Romans to a failure as rulers. Another main reason for the downfall of Roman Empire was the prevalence of political corruption among soldiers .The political corruption was practiced mainly by the elite soldiers who were Emperor’s body guards. They gained such a power because they could solely decide whether to retain the emperor or overthrew him from the position. The Praetorian guards even held the authority to auction the royal position to the person who bid the highest. According to (Grisham) â€Å"Political corruption was rife in Roman society. Even choosing a new Emperor was difficult and uncertain. The army and Praetorian Guard (the Emperors elite bodyguards) fought over succession†. The speed of expansion of the geographical area of the Roman Empire also resulted in its loss of power. The Roman rulers

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management Dissertation

Contemporary Developments in Business and Management - Dissertation Example The dedicated food service worker, chef or manager, almost always finds it to be a rewarding, lifelong career. Thus, so many cookbooks written by these chefs have been published and almost all of them shout out and proclaim their love for this art as if they have finally discovered their nirvana. To the nutritionist, however, food is considered a means of therapy and in hospitals, food is one means of attaining recovery to health. Other than financial rewards, running a restaurant gives to its owner another high i.e. the opportunity to meet all kinds of people and to satisfy their palates via the use of their culinary talents. The restaurant business can be financially rewarding if the restaurateur comes to it prepared with all the knowledge and training and the management skills culled from years of academic training in management or hands-on-training on the same business. So many restaurant entrepreneurs have found their pot of gold in this business with the effect that myriads of other people are encouraged to follow suit. " According to the National Restaurant Association data, the industry is comprised mostly of small businesses. There were almost 731,000 locations offering food service in the USA as of 1993. It is estimated that almost half of all adults are food service patrons on a typical day, and over 43% of the consumers' food dollar goes to meals and snacks away from home. The industry is a major employer- more than 9 million are employed in food service, and employment is expected to reach over 12 million by the year 2005. In 1993, sales of restaurants of all types topped $236 billion" (Alonzo 1996, p. v).

Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Mental Illness in the UK Essay

Vocational Rehabilitation for People with Mental Illness in the UK - Essay Example 2002, 172-177). Since the downfall of the act, there has been a speedy augment in the formation of for-profit health and mental health care organisations in the United Kingdom. This research discusses the managed care proposal sweeping the nation and their thoughtful belongings on the way social workers transport services to people with severe mental illness (Bachrach, L. 2003, 465-468). No doubt, Individuals with disabilities ought to expect employee benefits comparable to those predictable by all employees. The lack of ease of use of employee benefits, especially health insurance, can be prevention for individuals bearing in mind employment. The advantage package available to employees is a significant subject in employee approval for all employees counting those with disabilities (Bedall, J. R. 2004, pp. 95-119). If we analyse then we come to know that vacation, sick leave, health insurance, and retirement benefits are careful a significant feature of job satisfaction and sight as very significant by employees. In addition, research investigating quality employment result for individuals with disabilities have used employee reimbursement as an indicator of valued employment. For the majority UK workers, health insurance is the key employee benefit. As two-thirds of London's are employed in jobs with health insurance, workers at the inferior end of the salary scale are greatly additional likely to have jobs with no health insurance. For instance, workers earning less than $35,000 yearly are four times as probable to be uninsured than those earning over $35,000 (Bernstein, C. 2004). Evolution of Managed Care Many experts described the development of managed care as include five distinct phases: (1) carrying out consumption reviews and confine access, (2) managing advantage use, (3) supervision care with a most important importance on cost control, (4) running outcomes, and (5) put together managed care systems parallel and upright. For social workers the language linked with this example shift has been new and rather foreign. "Medical necessity," "degree of difference benefit packages," "penetration rates," "capitation contracts," "cost offsets," "slice outs," "cost bands," and "report cards" are but a only some of the terms in the new dictionary. Though managed care is the existing buzzword in the human services, frequent health care organisations, supported by provisions of the Health Maintenance Organisation Act of 1973, have been experimentation with this move toward for many years. Managed mental health care is a comparatively further recent occurrence and has outspread in an assortment of forms since the early 1980s (Bickman, 2005). States and Managed Care Numerous states have not waited for federal improvement since cost repression is a pressing requirement for them. Medicaid now constitutes 20 percent of the majority states' budgets, a better amount than senior education; so, states are turning to managed care to control this rising budget component. At least 35 states previously have a few form of capitated payment system for

Empowering Employee Work Behavior and Leadership Style on Job Dissertation

Empowering Employee Work Behavior and Leadership Style on Job Performance - Dissertation Example This study is intended to provide valuable insight on human resource strategies and their relevancy to employee empowerment in diverse organizational cultures. By analyzing the results of employee and administrator surveys, the research will prove that positive relationships between management and the worker are mutually inclusive of increased job performance and employee retention. An Abstract of The Interaction Effect of Empowering Employee Work Behavior and Leadership Style on Job Performance by Student Name Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Economics The University June 2013 Recruitment, retention, and the motivation of top performing employees have been ongoing challenges for employers. In the past, business entities relied upon the principles of their predecessors to structure human resource management plans through traditional styles of leadership. Today, diversity in the workplace has evolved in to one of the most significant topics for businesses’ management of human capital.Workplace diversity is the foundation for conflict in regard to communication and the attainment of the best fit in human resource management. Behavioral theorists have used psychoanalytic research to find proven methods to obtain positive productive behaviors. When an organization’s leadership styles promote employee empowerment, the level of job performance increases. ... The purpose of this study is to establish the existence of a positive relationship between leadership approach and employee empowerment in regard to job performance. TABLE OF CONTENTS COPYRIGHT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 SIGNATURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 P REFACE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 LIST OF FIGURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 LIST OF TABLES†¦...........................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 NATURE OF THE STUDY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 1.1 Sigmund Freud: Human Thought Processes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.16 1.2 Heuristics and Theory: Trust as Expectation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.19 1.3 Stewardship Theory and Agency Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 1.4 Motivation: Intrinsic and Extrin sic Reinforcement Learning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦22 1.5

First 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

First 1 - Assignment Example Political science, therefore, guide on how to address political situations such as sharing of national resources to avoid disputes and dangers of conflicts groups. According to Nelson (2014), politics is the science of ‘who gets what, when and how’ (Nelson). The president has therefore a choice to appoint political scientist to help him address the struggle that exist in budgeting, military stand points and in international powers brokering in a countries interest. Political scientist has the knowhow to address region and international politics. The issue of energy crisis for example requires the understanding of energy producing country policies to better sigh cost effective and long lasting political, economic and social ties. A president who is keen on keeping a high rating on his performance and always a delight on his electorate would have a political scientists as his staff. Political scientists ensure that the policies pursued by his president are that that addresses people’s needs Vis a Vis others interests (Nelson). For example, President Obama is keen on addressing the immigration problem in the United States because it is at the heart of his electoral college. Majority of the people that voted for him were hopeful that he would address their needs while he is the president. Therefore, a political scientist has a priority to roll out immigrations policies more than any other academician. In contrast, if the president were to hire an economist or an environmentalist as his staff he would suffer from political unrest and poor rating because these experts is best in addressing problem disregarding political effects. Economist answers economic problem touching on every American while a political scientist would have a different view of the same as he or she would be weighing the benefit of economic policies on the needs of the president political strengths. A political scientist on staff run the

The Intensification of International Migration Essay Example for Free

The Intensification of International Migration Essay 1. INTRODUCTION Migrant flows are always from the poorest countries with a low probability of employment towards less poor and more dynamic countries where there is an opportunity to find some sort of job. Over the last few years international migration has intensified, with the media referring to the â€Å"regionalisation and globalisation† of migration. The major centers of attraction are the same: United States and the European Union, with countries in southern Europe gradually becoming immigrant receiving countries. The third major region that attracts migrants is the oil-rich Middle East. The fourth major region set to be the target for increasing numbers is Asia/Pacific, including Australia and New Zealand. What are the effects of migration on the countries of origin? Funds sent by migrant to families back home often play a considerable part in the development of the local economy. However, when highly qualified people leave their home country, the investment made by the developing countries in their higher education is lost. To remedy this, programmes have to be set up to encourage immigrants to return, so that they can contribute to the economic development of their home country. The political environment in some African countries must be conflict free for African professionals overseas to return home. Africa is certainly experiencing a debilitating flight of professionals and skilled people escaping their countries’ economic crisis. The level and trend of brain drain has reached unsustainable heights. In the last few years, the brain drain has escalated in magnitude to levels that have serious implications on economic growth in countries like Zimbabwe. Why have African intellectuals and professionals left or thinking seriously of leaving their countries? Previous studies have discovered extremely high levels of dissatisfaction with the cost of living, taxation, availability of goods, and salaries. The number of poor living below the poverty datum line has surged progressively in the last few years because of economic crisis and spiraling inflation. The situation has been exacerbated by declining  real savings compounded by high levels of taxation and rising unemployment levels. The decline in real gross domestic product(GDP), is reflective of failure to attract foreign direct investment(FDI) and increased external debt due to chronic foreign currency shortages to procure raw materials, fuel, electricity and spare parts, against a background of rising production and labour costs due to high inflation have led to declining savings. The contraction in the formal sector, owing to companies’ downsizing, reducing working periods and closure, have led to significant fall in employment levels. Growing lawlessness and politically-motivated violence are some of the push factors for many intellectuals and professionals. The dissatisfaction goes deeper than economic and political circumstances to include housing, medical services, education, education and a viable future for children. Against this background, many skilled persons and professionals have migrated to other countries and the potential for emigrating among African university students and other is most probably very high. There is therefore need to enact policies in Africa to curb these massive brain drain and offer incentives to make staying and working in African countries attractive for professionals and skilled people. The broad objective of this paper is to highlight African brain drain, its causes and consequences. Brain drain is seen in this paper as a complex problem created by both endogenous and exogenous factors, which prey on the disparity between technologically developed and industrialized world, and the poor developing countries. The structure of the papers is as follows; Section I gives a general Introduction to the problem of Brain drain. Section 2 attempts briefly to conceptualize and categorize international migration and the possible causes of international migration. Section 3 gives a detailed analysis of Causes for African Brain Drain. Section 4 attempts to show the Impact and Consequences of African Brain Drain, giving Zimbabwe as an example. Section 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects and Policy Options. . 2. THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Some theories of international migration: There is no single, well-developed theory of international migration. Among the various models attempting to explain why international migration begins, five major approaches can be discerned: These were offered by Sharon Stanton Russell 2. Neoclassical economics: macro theory (arguably the body of theory most familiar to World Bank staff) views geographic differences in the supply and demand for labor in origin and destination countries as the major factors driving individual migration decisions. Among the assumptions of this model are that international migration will not occur in the absence of these differentials, that their elimination will bring an end to international movements, and that labor markets (not other markets) are the primary mechanisms inducing movements. Government policy interventions affect migration by regulating or influencing labor markets in origin and destination countries. Neoclassical economics: micro theory focuses on the level of individual rational actors who make decisions to migrate based upon a cost-benefit calculation that indicates a positive net return to movement. In this approach, human capital characteristics that raise the potential benefits of migration, and individual, social, or technological factors that lower costs, will lead to increased migration. Differences in earnings and employment rates are key variables, and governments influence migration through policies that affect these (e.g., through development policies that   raise incomes at the point of origin, decrease the probability of employment at destination, or increase the costs of migration). The new economics of migration views migration as a family (i.e., group) strategy to diversify sources of income, minimize risks to the household, and overcome barriers to credit and capital. In this model, international migration is a means to compensate for the absence or failure of certain  types of markets in developing countries, for example crop insurance markets, futures markets, unemployment insurance, or capital markets. Dual labour market theory holds that demand for low-level workers in more developed economies is the critical factor shaping international migration. To avoid the structural inflation that would result from raising entry wages of native workers, and to maintain labor as a variable factor of production, employers seek low-wage migrant workers. In this model, international migration is demand – based and initiated by recruitment policies of employers or governments in destination areas. World systems theory focuses not on labour markets in national economies, but on the structure of the world market-notably the â€Å"penetration of capitalist economic relations into peripheral, non-capitalist societies, â€Å"which takes place through the concerted actions of neocolonial governments, multinational firms, and national elites. International migration is generated as land, raw materials and labour in areas of origin are drawn into the world market economy and traditional systems are disrupted. 3. CAUSES OF AFRICAN BRAIN DRAIN. In the 1960s most of the African countries became independent, with the former Portuguese territories in 1975. In 1995, the last colony in Africa – South Africa – achieved majority rule. With accession to independence there was a marked change in the pace of migration. The first development plans and those subsequently adopted, accentuated existing disparities between urban areas which enjoyed the benefit of investment and rural areas. In some countries the most elementary freedoms were denied, giving rise to mass exodus of people unprecedented in the history of Africa. The gap between the economic and social development of different regions within countries and of different countries inside and outside Africa, has continued to widen over the years. Brain drain is a migration of professional people(as scientists, professors, or physicians) from one country to another, usually for higher salaries or  better living conditions. Despite the clarity of this definition, most efforts to halt the brain drain or reverse the process, especially in African countries, seem to pay little attention to economic and social imperative to brain drain, and instead, centre on appeals to the spirit of nationalism and patriotism. In extreme cases, some governments threaten to hire foreign professionals as replacement labour for those who left-a more complicated and costly option. Political Turmoil: Political turmoil is linked to the failure of economic development. As pressures of poverty, rapid population growth, disease and illiteracy and environmental degradation mount, they produce a volatile cocktail of insecurity. Resulting war, civil strife, state – sponsored terrorism, riots and other forms of political violence can lead to the displacement of large numbers of people as migrants, refugees, or asylees. In the late twentieth century, compared to previous centuries, more wars are taking place, and they are lasting longer and causing more devastation. According to Papademetriou both internal and regional conflicts, often based on religion and ethnicity, are precipitating unprecedented high levels of international migration. Economic and Political factors: The economic and political factors associated with international migration that have so far been discussed so far forces on the lack of economic development and political stability in many Third World countries. They are the major push factors in migration. The push factors are circumstances in the home environment that make a person think about leaving his normal place of abode for another part of the same country, neighbouring countries, or for a more distant place like the United Kingdom of the United States. Pull Factors i.e. those that draw people to particular destinations, are equally important. The post – World War II expansion of the industrial economies of Western Europe and North America (especially the United States) has led to immigration policies in these countries designed to meet a  burgeoning demand for cheap labour. Globalization has made possible a massive transfer of resources like technology and capital; labour has become another form of large-scale resource transfer; Although more than half of recent international migration flows are between developing countries, the flow from the Third World to industrial nations has grown to unprecedented levels. That developed countries are a magnet for the world’s migrant is evident from statistics. In 1990, half of the world’s migrants (excluding those naturalized, which would increase even more than the number in developed countries) were in industrial countries: 15-20 million were in Western Europe, 15-20 million were in North America, and 2-3 million were in the industrial nations of Asia (e.g. Japan, Taiwan).7 This globalization phenomenon has not escaped the attention  of Deepak Nayyar, who observes that: the process of globalization is bound to exercise a significant influence on the push-factors underlying international migration. It would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a convergence of levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to a divergence in levels of income between the industrialized countries and the developing countries. Similarly, it would decrease emigration pressures if it leads to a reduction in poverty, an expansion of employment opportunities and an improvement in the quality of life for the people in developing countries. But it would increase emigration pressures if it leads to rising poverty, growing inequality, worsening employment prospects and deterioration in the quality of life of people in development countries.8 In summary it should be realized that the globalization of economies, lack of development and political stability in Third World countries, and immigration policies that reflect the need for labour in the receiving industrialized countries have thus far been proposed as the major factors explaining international migration from the Third World to the developed countries e.g. USA, UK., etc. But these alone do not adequately explain why certain countries or individuals, not others, dominate migration flows nor do they explain the particular destination choice of migrants. As earlier discussed, economic globalization, lack of development and political instability, industrial nations’ immigration policies, and linguistic and  historical ties are major factors that account for Third World immigration to developed countries in general. The same factors enable us to understand African immigration to Europe and the United States of America. Sub-Saharan Africa, like most other developing regions, has been integrated into the global economy primarily as a source of cheap primary goods and cheap labour. Initially, African labour was exploited within colonial boundaries but after World War II African labour was often actively recruited by ex-colonial European powers as competition for more expensive European labour. For example, France gave its former African colonies favoured nation status and formed agreements with such African states as Senegal, Mauritania, and Mali to promote labour migration. By 1960, about 20 000 Sub-Saharan Africans were in France; 12 000 in the late 80s. The British were less hospitable to immigrants from their former African colonies. Beginning in 1962, Africans in England were denied full social and political rights. They were subject to four immigrant control and three race relations outs that gradually withdrew their citizenship rights. Pass laws and voucher systems were introduced in order to â€Å"terminate black settler immigration and to introduce repatriation. In 1971, the British passed an immigration act to expressly limit immigration from its former colonies. It can, therefore, be said that Sub-Saharan Africa has generated significant global flows of migrants in the post-war era, mainly to ex-colonial states: Nigerian, Tanzanian, Ugandan, Asians and of late Zimbabweans have migrated to the U.K., Central and West Africans to France; Zairians (Congolese) to Belgium. However, the OECD has argued that these movements are dwafted by regional migrations within Africa. Regional labour have flowed primarily to Nigeria, South Africa, Gabon and the Ivory Coast. The main countries of emigration have been Zaire (now Congo), Angola, Mozambique, Cameroon and Botswana as well as all of the North African Nations, though rarely have their emigrants crossed the Sahara.

Channels of Communication Essay Example for Free

Channels of Communication Essay Write when you want to: †¢Make sure there are no misunderstandings †¢Have constant reference to subject matter Writing is effective in communicating with any audience that is capable of reading and comprehending your compositions. If the person ever has a question regarding the subject, they can always refer to what is written. Make a presentation when you want to: †¢Give a more detailed description †¢Command the attention of an audience When making a presentation or presenting material to an audience, it is possible to give someone who may not fully understand your message solely from reading, a more broad perspective of the matter. Speak with an individual when you want to: †¢Earn a higher level respect and confidence from that individual †¢Create an atmosphere of mutual trust For myself, speaking with someone individually, is very effective in the sense of having one on one communication with that person ensures that there are little to no distractions.

Business plan for a water bottling plant

Business plan for a water bottling plant Guha Water Bottling Plant is the name by which our water bottling plant will be known in India.   Ã‚  Mineral bottled water in India under the name Paath Neer will be first introduced by Guha Water Bottling Plant Pvt. Ltd. Mineral bottled water was in glass bottles in two varieties in the beginning. But later on it is available in 8 pack sizes: 250ml cups, 250ml bottles, 500ml, 1 liter, 1.5 liters, 2 liters, 5 liters, and 20 liters. Its operations will run throughout the subcontinent of India and will be one of the leading bottled water supplying companies of India. As of 2014, Paath Neer will have 8 plants 11 franchisees all over India. E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAimages3.jpg E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAimages1.jpg The first plant under Guha Water Bottling Plant will be established at Industrial Estate in Gurgaon, Haryana in mid-of 2011.This organization will grow with a rapid speed and able to built 7 more plants in a very short span of time. The other plants will be located in Jharkhand, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chandigarh, West Bengal, Chennai and Gujarat respectively. Later on, the company will plan to expand itself all over the World. As the companys chiefs have decided to build few plants in UAE and few Countries of Africa. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The name of our product itself says that we have the organization which is the manufacturer of the Mineral Water Bottles. The fountain of all life. Water can also be the cause of much misery. Especially in India, where contaminated water continues to bring down millions with diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice and gastro-enteritis. At home, most people are either forced to boil water or to install scrubbers. While traveling or eating in restaurants, buying bottled water has become necessary. This need has seen an explosion of companies on the market safe bottled water from all over the country. E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAbfb8531aab04457f8a0dbe48b8affd0e_s.jpg The tradition of bottled water and mineral water is not very old. Even in western countries the practice of bottled drinking water started in 1950s. The trend of having mineral water gained grounds in the market. In India, exposure to media and exposure to international lifestyles deteriorating levels of drinking water, increased number of cases of waterborne awareness about health and hygiene and other related factors cause acceptability of the concept of mineral water. The market has not looked back ever and since then has grown leaps and bounds to such an extent that some of real and superficial, the operators introduced him milk. CURRENT SITUATION Paath Neer will value its customers and will therefore develop unique packaging to meet the needs of each individual. Our products will be in 250 ml beakers, bottles of 250 ml 500ml, 1L, 1.5L, 2L, non-refundable containers and 5L, 20L, which return packages. Until the date on which the Indian consumer will consume Paath Neer water, very soon in our effort to go for something refreshingly new, we will introduce Paath Neer pure mountain water water will be brought to you from foot of the mountains in Himachal Pradesh. Therefore after new months of opening the plant our products range will includes two options: Paath Neer with added minerals and Paath Neer Mountain water. E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAbottlingplant-2.JPG This is capturing the market in India and overseas. PAATH NEER will be à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 1 and will capture the Indian market by providing the best quality for a period of long time. Now around 100 companies sell an estimated 424 million liters of bottled water valued at around Rs. 200 crore in the country annually. Paath Neer commits to offer every Consumer pure and clean drinking water. Paath Neer water has passed through many stages of purification, and finally ozonised packaged for consumption. R D Unit and a strict quality control will make PAATH NEER leader in bottled water segment. PAATH NEER seeks to maintain strict quality control each unit purchases implement and hat only from approved suppliers. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Industry Analysis can be defined as a market assessment tool designed to provide a business with an idea of the complexity of a particular industry. Industry analysis involves reviewing the economic, political and market factors that influence the way the industry develops. Major factors can include the power wielded by suppliers and buyers, the condition of competitors, and the likelihood of new market entrants. E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAflorida-bottled-water.jpg The market for bottled drinking water is rapidly evolving since 1980, increasing nearly 400% over the last ten years according to the Council of bottled water producers because of the loss of consumer confidence in food protection and excellence of urban stream supply. In response to citizens and businesses to buy bottled water for use in their homes and offices. Free of contaminants and government care, and bottled water from protected springs or wells or produced by the refining and processing of water from public water supplies. Consumer demand for bottled water is expected to continue growing as water supplies worldwide are considered undrinkable and unhealthy. According to survey performed by E-Works in 1988, more than 60% of consumers go to the purchase of bottled water says taste, is the main reason for purchasing bottled water. Other reasons were cited for safety and too many chemicals in tap water. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT Guha Water Bottling Plant will be set in around 8 cities in India and its headquarter will be in Gurgaon. Our products will be in 250 ml beakers, bottles of 250 ml 500ml, 1L, 1.5L, 2L, non-refundable containers and 5L, 20L, which return packages. PAATH NEER will produce their own bottles in the house, and will soon purchase the most modern world-class art machines, making them on equivalence with international standards. This is not only that we will improve quality of packaging, but also reduces the material wastage and double production capacity. E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAbottlingplant-2.JPG E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAimages1.jpg By the opening of our plant, many people got employments such as: The main employees or you can say that the backbone of the industry will be our workers. We will have nearly 500 of workers working in the industry. Managers who manages the work of the company. Account Manager who manages the account office such as monetary works. At last our Indian government is also get benefited as we pay huge amount of tax. OPERATIONAL PLANS Guha Water Bottling Plant will be established at Industrial Estate in Gurgaon, Haryana in 2011. And, Paath Neer is the name of our product i.e. mineral water. It will be available in 8 pack sizes: 250ml cups, 250ml bottles, 500ml, 1 liter, 1.5 liters, 2 liters, 5 liters, and 20 liters. Its operations will run throughout the subcontinent of India and will be one of the leading bottled water supplying companies in India. The following are the Operational Plans of our organization: Location The company will control from around 45000 sq.ft. Of depot legroom in at Industrial Estate in Gurgaon, portion of that room being set away for office room. Guha Water Bottling Plant is currently working with county officials to identify and negotiate the lease on an appropriate site. Deliveries It has been predicted that road delivery person will deliver around 7000 bottles every day or 210000 bottles every month. If monthly delivery increases then extra person will be required for the process. This is predicted at the end of five months of Business. Insurance Guha Water Bottling Plants agreement with Rue Bottling, Rues product liability insurance will cover any such claims against Guha Water Bottling Plant .Company itself will also carry its own insurance, including 2.5 crores of umbrella liability policy. Future Plans for Bottling Once Guha Water Bottling Plant accomplishes a customer support of 4,000 or deliveries of 2,10,000 bottles per month, the company will begin to invest in equipment to bottle water in-house. An investment of approximately Rs. 55, 00000 would be required in order to procure the bottling machine. PRODUCTION PLANS PATH NEER manufactures its own products and has its own manufacturing unit which includes various machines; the whole manufacturing process is carried on by PAATH NEER at its plant. The whole manufacturing process is divided into different parts and it consists of different activities like water purification treatment, blowing of the bottles, filling of the bottles, packing of the bottles etc. E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAfiller-PEPA-2.jpg The following are the Production plans of our industry:- As per regarding the production its very important to satisfy our customers by providing them healthy and hygienic water. Employees trained for not only particular task, but especially use the entire concept. A big emphasis on comprehensive survey on the quality and integrity of our products. We must be constantly monitored for our own high standards for freshness and purity. We will producing 250 ml beakers, bottles of 250 ml 500ml, 1L, 1.5L, 2L, 5L, 20L, which return packages but later on planning to produce 50L bucket. We are also planning to reduce the cost of our product by reducing the profit of dealers. This will neither affect our industry but in return increase our business. MARKETING PLANS Our marketing plan is to establish a well-regarded brand name linked to a meaningful positioning. We will have to invest heavily in market to create a distinctive brand image projecting innovation, quality and value. The followings are the Marketing Strategies of the Guha Water Bottling Plant. They are: Free Trials To acquire more and fast customer support, Guha Water Bottling Plant planed to promote its free trial program, offering new customers the use of a company cooler for an interval of 25 days free of cost which contain two free bottles of water. Advertising E:ASSIGNMENTSMY PROJECTSVISHAL GUHAimages2.jpgGuha Water Bottling Plant intends to advertise its free trial offers by way of radio ads (secured through cross-promotion deals or barter arrangements), door hangers, posters in metros , busses ,parking places and ads in coupon packages. Trade and Consumer Shows Attendance and exhibits at local home and mall shows is also planned, to keep the Guha Water Bottling Plant name constantly in front of consumers. Placements The company will also place coolers in public places frequented by health conscious consumers, such as pharmacies and hospitals. HUMAN RESOURCE PLANS Guha Water Bottling Plant is a unique Human Resources Management restaurant that enables the process of acquiring talent, aligning them with organizations goals and leading the transformation, to help your organization take that leap in performance. From automating routine tasks, to generating strategic reports, to giving access to employee related information through self-service, Guha Water Bottling Plant does it all. Our key Modules include Performance Management, Training Development, and recruitment, HR Workgroup and Report/Analytics, Payroll, Self-Service. As far human resources plan concerns it is just about how you manages your employees, thus, the management of employees in our business is as follows: In our industry, there are nearly 2000 employees, including lower to higher level. As we have one Head Manager who manages all the employees in the plant so his salary is a bit higher than the any other employee. We have head in each of the branch of the restaurant such as in Ozonation, Filtration, Carbon Filtration, Reserve Osmosis System, Micro Filtration and Ozone Treatment. We select employees such as Manager, Tester, etc. who are passed out from good institution and have at least 2 to 3 years of work experience. The main point to be noted about our company is that we first train the employee then they are allowed to work. We also install suggestion box, and organize monthly meetings to follow up tasks. ASSESSMENT OF RISK The purpose of risk assessment is to identify hazards that could cause harm, assess the risks that may result from these hazards and adopt appropriate measures to eliminate or control risks. Significant findings of the risk assessment should be recorded as five or more persons. It will also be necessary to visit the site or sites to specific hazards identified. The followings are some risks for this industry: Bisleri, Aquafina and other companies are serving packed drinking water in all over India. Competition from brands operating and well-established brands operating in the market. Consumers are becoming more brand loyal rather than quality conscious. Attractive schemes are provided by the competitors for their brand promotion. Eureka Forbes and Aqua guard are trying to capture the market. FINANCIAL PLANS Financial planning is a process of formulating objectives, evaluation of assets and resources, assessment of future financial needs and plan to revise the economic targets. Many elements may be involved in financial planning including investments, asset allocation and risk supervision. Taxes, insurance and real estate are usually included. The Capital required to start a Water Bottling Plant is around 1 Crores. Source of Money:- I will get Rs. 10 Lakhs from my Parents. Around Rs. 50 Lakhs I will get from Two of my Friends who were working in United States and New Zealand. Rs. 10 Lakhs I will take from Venture Capitals. Rs. 20 Lakhs will be given by my Brother who is staying in UAE (Dubai). Rs. 10 Lakhs I will take Loan from any Indian Bank. There is some important point which I kept in mind while making a financial plan. They are as follows: Growth rate will be reasonable, and in smooth running. Sale would like to increase at a flow of 10% per year. 3. 2% 3% per year the cost will increase. Marketing Fees Marketing fees is generally for purchasing the material for production and convert them into finished product. This is also important one we should reserve some amount of fund for purchasing of raw material. Fixed and Variable Expense This fixed and variable expense is also required in our financial plan. As this expense is only determine by when we survey many plants after that we taking actual number from this plant which we survey. As by this we can know our fixed and variable expense.

The Price of Objectivity :: essays research papers

The Price of Objectivity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway is one of the pre-eminent works of modernist literature. It set the tone for the several decades of literature that was to follow. It delves deeply into the 'lost generation' that was created after the first wold war. A generation that lost any idealism that their predecessors had. A generation that lost any emotional attachment to the world around them. This is a trait that is predominant throughout Hemingway's novel as the narrator, Jake Barnes, remains clinically detached from the events that transpire around him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jake was an ambulance driver in the first world war and as with many of his peers, his experiences left him with a severe emotional disillusionment with the world as a whole. Not to mention the lack of functioning genitalia which certainly didn't help him identify positively with the world. Essentially, if it didn't involve Jake, he couldn't care less. For example, Jake watches a man get gored through the back by a stampeding bull and die, then waits for the rocket to go off signaling that the bulls were coralled and then simply walks off. He doesn't concern himself with the health of the (then) wounded man, he doesn't contemplate whether the running of the bulls was a worthwhile risk in the name of fun and games. He simply watches, then leaves without the slightest tint of subjectivity to his narrative. He remains perfectly objective, simply a watcher in the grand scheme of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  And what does Jake watch exactly? He watches as everything goes around in circles, always ending up in the same place as it started. The group as a whole heads out drinking, only to wake up the next morning to repeat the process with nothing changed. Brett, although engaged to a man who loves her, is hopelessly in love with Jake. Jake is forced to watch as she passes along from Mike, to Cohn, to Romero and then back to Mike before finally ending up right back where she started with Jake. Jake watches as every event he witness returns full circle. A cycle that the title, 'The Sun Also Rises', refers to. Just like the sun also rises only to hasten to the place where it arose, so do the events of the characters in the book, giving off the image that life is futile and nothing ever gets accomplished.

Prozac Causes More Deaths than Any Other Drug Essay -- Expository Caus

Prozac Causes More Deaths than Any Other Drug    Something is wrong with the focus on the "drug war" when 200,000 people die each year from prescription drugs, yet only 20,000 die from illegal drug use. Adverse reactions of prescription drugs are the third leading cause of death in America. In fact, people have a seven times greater chance of dying walking into their doctor's office than they do getting behind the wheel of their car! Every year approximately 200,000 souls die from prescription drug reactions with another 80,000 dying from medical malpractice (The International). Where is the FDA? Why do they continue to allow doctors to prescribe these drugs? How could they let it get to this point? What once was believed to be a panacia for depression has turned into Pandora's box (Tracy). Depression and suicide go hand in hand. In fact, 10 to 15 percent of depressed patients commit suicide (Lieber). This is the foundation of the defense argued by Eli Lilly, maker of Fluoxetine, commonly known as Prozac, and other companies manufacturing similar drugs. Although there are some 200 court cases alleging a link between suicide and Prozac this year, Eli Lilly continues to be cleared of all liability (Prozac and Suicide). One such case was brought up in Honolulu, Hawaii. In 1993, William Forsyth Sr., who was 63 and had been on Prozac for only two weeks, killed his wife, June, and himself. The plaintiffs argued that the side effects of Prozac, which included "nervousness, anxiety, insomnia, inner restlessness, manic behavior, self-mutilation and suicidal thoughts," were responsible for the murder-suicide. However, the Lilly spokesman said that those effects were "based on no scientific information at all." He also cited that the... ...data during trial." Cnn.com. [online], Available: http://www.cnn.com/2000/LAW06/09/prozaclawsuit.ap/ Lieber, Arnold. "dear psyche doc,." Is there a Link between Prozac and Suicide? [online], Available: http: //thriveonline.oxygen.com/medical/experts/psychdoc/psychdoc.11-17-97.html "Prozac and Suicide." Hells Geriatrics. [online], Available: http://www.hellsgeriatrics.com/prozac.htm Reaves, Jessica. "Johnny s new snack: Milk, Cookies and Prozac." Cnn.com. [online], Available: http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/02/23/kiddrugs2_23.a.tm/ Schwarzer, Kathy. Interview December 15, 2000 "The International Coalition for Drug Awareness." ICFDA. [online], Available: http://www.drugawareness.org/ Tracy, Ann. "A Few First Hand Personal Experiences." Personal Experiences Reported to Ann Tracy, Ph.D. [online], Available:http://members.aol.com/atracyphd/exprncs.htm

How to Avoid High Turnover Essay

Employee turnover is a ratio comparison of the number of employees a company must replace in a given time period to the average number of total employees. † In the recent years Operation department of Caulfield Racecourse experienced problems associated with high turnover, which is a pervasive and serious issue resulting in high direct expenditure as well as intangible costs, low performance level and job dissatisfaction. Operation department is looking after large numbers of employees: event managers and supervisors, administration and operation assistants, staff coordinators, caterers, set up teams, cleaners. The problem is not the lack of job applicants: the company receives endless stream of applications. The problem is that the quality employees are hard to keep. The talented employees do not stay for long before they get employed somewhere else. As an Operation Manager Executive Assistant the author has been asked to examine and analyse factors that may impact on staff turnover. Applying a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques (form of structured questionnaire) to determine the reasons why workers leave their jobs at Operation department, this research tries to identify the root causes of job dissatisfaction leading to turnover and provides managerial implications that may assist managers in dealing with labor-related risks. 1. 1 Objectives This report is identified to achieve the following objectives: 1. To identify general factors that may cause high turnover within Operation department. 2. To examine and analyse levels of staff job satisfaction. 3. To suggest some measures in order to improve overall job satisfaction, performance and reduce high turnover. 1. 2 Methodology * Structured questionnaire (consist of multiple choices, ranking and descriptive questions). The survey method was selected to gather primary data by administering the structured questionnaire among the employee in Operation department of Caulfield racecourse. The questionnaire is chosen because of its simplicity and reliability. We can expect a straight answer, which is directly related to the questions asked. Interpretation of data under this can also be done correctly. An organisation perceived to be in economic difficulty will also raise the specter of impending layoffs. Workers believe that it is rational to seek other employment. 3. The organisational culture. Much has been written about organisational culture. It is sufficient to note here that the reward system, the strength of leadership, the ability of the organisations to elicit a sense of commitment on the part of workers, and its development of a sense of shared goals, among other factors, will influence such indices of job satisfaction as turnover intentions and turnover rate. . The characteristics of the job. Some jobs are intrinsically more attractive than others. A job’s attractiveness will be affected by many characteristics, including its repetitiveness, challenge, danger, perceived importance, and capacity to elicit a sense of accomplishment. A job’s status is also important, as are many other factors. 5. Unrealistic expectations. Another factor is the unrealistic exp ectations and general lack of knowledge that many job applicants have about the job at the time that they receive an offer. When these unrealistic expectations are not realised, the worker becomes disillusioned and decides to quit. 6. Demographics. Empirical studies have demonstrated that turnover is associated in particular situations with demographic and biographical characteristics of workers. But to use lifestyle factors (e. g. smoking) or past employment history (e. g. many job changes) as an explicit basis for screening applicants, it is important for legality and fairness to job applicants to verify such biodata empirically. 7. The person. In addition to the factors listed above, there are also factors specific to the ndividual that can influence turnover rates. These include both personal and trait-based factors. Personal factors include things such as changes in family situation, a desire to learn a new skill or trade, or an unsolicited job offer. In addition to these personal factors, there are also trait-based or personality features that are associated with turnover. These traits are some of t he same characteristics that predict job performance and counterproductive behaviors such as loafing, absenteeism, theft, substance abuse on the job, and sabotage of employer’s equipment or production. These traits can be measured and used in employee screening to identify individuals showing lower probability of turnover. It is important to note that the factors we have listed above can be classified as being within or beyond the control of the employing organisation. In order to actively participate in reducing costs associated with turnover, organisations need to identify those factors over which they do have some control and initiate necessary changes to reduce turnover attributable to these â€Å"controllable† factors.

Clean Water Crisis

Clean Water Crisis/Scarcity For decades, providing clean water to the masses has been a goal. Even with the â€Å"Millennium Declaration†, a goal proposed by the United Nations to provide clean water sources to everyone in the world by 2020, many people will go without clean water supplies. Can you imagine living in a region where there are struggles to get a glass of clean water. It seems so distant to us living in modern industrialized America, yet this concept is completely taken for granted in everyday life. We simply forget the means as to how we have gotten this necessity of life delivered to our kitchen sink. This is nonetheless relevant in today’s world. Unless you are one of the unfortunate countries or regions in which there is limited supplies of water and the water that is present is stagnant or so contaminated with bacteria and other minerals that it literally makes you sick from dysentery by simply drinking one glass. Letsfirst look at the public water supply in area's with scarce resources. With a population of well over 120 million people less than 30% of Nigeria has access to safe drinking water(Nigeria). Ingestion of unsafe drinking water can result in spreadable disease. In fact, in India, 21% of all spreadable disease is due to a lack of safe water, and diarrhea alone causes more than 1,600 deaths daily(India). Worldwide 1 out of every 4 deaths under the age of 5 is due to a water-related disease (water). The niger river which once flowed freely though Africa has been being used to produce hydro-electric power out of the Akosombodam. According to BBC news, Nigeria is dependent on this river and the river is now facing environmental catastrophe as a result of pollution†. The United States is affected much less than other parts of the world at this time. Although if we do not change something soon we may end up like some of the worlds less fortunate counties. California has been in a drought since 2006. Our own Lexington reservoir is down to less than 5% due construction of a safer dam (Rogers). We may be in trouble; the reservoir will not gain water levels until we come out of this drought. That's because reservoirs and groundwater are already depleted after two years of drought – and because the state's population is much bigger than it was during the last statewide drought in the early 1990s. As the population grows; the demand for water increases. Since 1990 the population has doubled. Yet water usage has increased by 6 times. Many Americans are accustomed to having whatever they want, when they want, at any cost. We need to think about the affects of everything that we do, take a simple shower for example. In a survey taken from 36 people from the ages 15- 55 the average person took 8 showers per week. With an average estimated time of 15 minutes. A low flow shower head can produce as little as about 1. 5 gallons per minute. The legal limit for a company to produce a shower head is 2. 5 gallons per minute, but most companies work around that by having a removable flow restrictor. If this is not put in upon installation a high flow shower head can produce up to 5-7 gallons per minute. So this means of the 36 people surveyed, assuming that they have between the legal limit of 1. 5 and 2. 5 gallons per minute, the total of their usage will be between 336,960 and 561,600 Gallons of water per year. That’s over a half million gallons of water for 36 people per year, to take their showers. According to the US Census Bureau as of June 2007 the population of California was 37,700,000, and is still growing(what). This would mean that in 2007 alone California used an unbelievable 470 billion gallons of water to take showers.

Ruther-Fraud B. Hayes

â€Å"Hayes was never a solitary, a boy of moods,† wrote biographer H. J. Eckenrode. â€Å"He had no seasons of exaltation followed by depression†¦ All his life he liked society and shone in it in a modest way – not sparkling, not brilliant, but pleasing, satisfying. He had a gift of friendship and most of those he loved in youth he loved in age. † As a young man, however, Hayes went through a period of great inner tension, which he himself attributed to a fear that he would one day lose his mind, as some relatives, on both sides of his family, had done. Overcoming this fear, he matured into a relaxed, easy-going fellow, a good conversationalist, and a keen observer of human nature. He genuinely loved people and was interested in their thoughts and problems. When travelling by train, he invariably sat in the smoking car, eager to strike up a conversation. He had a remarkable memory for the names and faces of the most casual acquaintances. As a politician he respected the opposition and welcomed constructive criticism. Although not regarded as a great orator in his day, he delivered well-planned, reasoned, addresses in a clear, pleasant voice. the honor of success is increased by the obstacles which are to be surmounted. Let me triumph as a man or not at all. † – Rutherford B Hayes Honor, eh? Quite ironic considering that he â€Å"triumphed† in the presidential election by making a sleazy political deal and abandoning black Southerners to decades of oppression and discrimination, causing him to be known to history as â€Å"Ruther-Fraud B. Hayes. † Pros-He signed a law which made it easier for Chinese Immigrants to come into the country (this was repealed with the Exclusion Act). He tied the value of the dollar to gold instead of silver. He supported Reconstruction (After the Civil War). Cons-Great Railroad Strike greatly affected his presidency. Dealt with Conflicts with Native American Tribes. Election Results are disputed There is much more to him. If you are doing a project look more into him, and the United States in general in the late 1800's. Hayes' journal and his emphasis on self-improvement in the journal, along with his strong favor for black suffrage as a congressman in 1867 all lead me to believe that the answer is, â€Å"no†. He was not racist towards blacks Significant events: Munn v. Illinois, 94 U. S. 113 (1876)[1], was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. The Munn v. Illinois case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45 days later after it was put down by local and state militias, as well as by federal troops. Hayes essentially sold out his ideals to the former Confederacy in order to gain the Presidency. He allowed the former Confederate states to return to governing themselves almost the same exact way they had been doing prior to the Civil War. This essentially set the Civil Rights movement back for almost a century, as many â€Å"Jim Crow† Laws were passed to ensure that blacks and other minorities could not rise to the same equality as whites, laws which were enforced in the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Fergusson, which established the â€Å"separate but equal† mantra, and later overturned in the case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. During his presidency, Hayes signed a number of bills including one signed on February 15, 1879 which, for the first time, allowed female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States

Importance Role of Advertising in Tourism Industry

INTRODUCTION We live in a marketing and media-driven world. Any organization involved in the leisure and tourism business; arts centers, museums, sports clubs and small hotels to the largest theme parks, airlines and cruise companies, is interested in advertising Many companies think that they should cut expenditure on advertising and redirect it into sales promotions, direct mail, public relations and other forms of marketing communications. Advertising is not an expensive but, rather, is a strategic activity which should be regarded as an investment in the product or brand. Reducing advertising spend may yield short-term savings but may well lead to long-term loss of market share. In the late 1970s Adidas cut advertising spend on its sports shoes and found that the brand was not strong enough to maintain market share in the face of new competitors. It has struggled to recover its former position. Advertising must be sustained to maintain a brand’s market presence since people only buy those products they talk about. â€Å"Out of sight is out of mind for the customer† Effective advertising cannot guarantee success, but it certainly increases its chances. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Advertising has three basic objectives: * To  inform  customers about new products, experiences, services and other information that they need to be know. * To  persuade  customers to purchase a destination or product, to perceive a destination or product differently or change a brand preference (as an example to perhaps change a customer’s preference for a destination or change of accommodation at a destination) or, * To  remind  customers about a destination or product, where it may be purchased or how it may be purchased (booked). Good marketers see their business from the customer’s viewpoint and organize their entire enterprise to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. Marketing is the ability to develop a mix of marketing strategies to influence customers to buy products and services. This mix consists of a set of four decisions: Product decisions, Pricing decisions, Distribution decisions, Promotional decisions. A product may be a tour package, an airline seat, a destination, a hotel, a meal. The product should provide benefits to the customer; the price ensures the product is priced at a level that reflects consumer value. The distribution component ensures access to the product in the right place at the right time in sufficient quantities to meet customer needs. Related essay: Why is Fish Farming of Growing Importance in Pakistan? ADVERTISING: PROMOTION Advertising is only one element of the promotional mix. Advertising is defined and is taken to mean mass communication via newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, the Internet, or direct-to-consumer communication via direct mail. Promotion: can be a short-term activity, but also, when seen at a strategic level, it is mid- and long-term investment aimed at building up a consistent and credible corporate or destination identity. THE IMPORTANCE OF ADVERTISING IN TOURISM: In the tourism and hospitality sectors, where the product is a â€Å"service† promotion is more vital than other industries. The tourism product is â€Å"intangible†, â€Å"inseparable†, â€Å"variable† and â€Å"perishable†. There is nothing tangible for the customer to examine beforehand or to take away afterwards. The service is inseparable from its production. The experience is variable and subject to factors beyond marketer’s control. The product is perishable and cannot be stored for sale. The customer buys a holiday on the basis of symbolic expectations established promotionally through words, pictures, sounds . tc. Tourism experiences are constructed in our imagination through advertising and the media. The tourism product is also a discretionary (optional) product, which will be competing for both the customer’s time and money against essential items of expenditure and other discretionary purchases. These 5 attributes â€Å"i ntangible†, â€Å"inseparable†, â€Å"variable†, â€Å"perishable† and â€Å"discretionary† mean that the skill in tourism and leisure marketing lies in creating the perceived value of the product. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS IN TOURISM AND LEISURE Advertising is a process of communication. Ads should persuade and suggest things that the consumer may not previously have considered and the persuasion process is achieved through ads. Advertising must create immediate and measurable effects. When effective, advertising (communication) moves customers along a way from â€Å"awareness of a product† to â€Å"reinforcing post-purchase satisfaction†. Stage 1: Awareness: Target market to be aware of product. Stage 2: Comprehension: Potential customers to understand its features and benefits. Stage 3: Acceptance: Potential customers must decide that the product can meet their needs. Advertising plays a vital role here. Stage 4: Preference: Advertising must offer for Potential customers a compelling reason to think that the product meets their needs. Stage 5: Purchase: Advertising motivates customers to action or to buy the product. This objective is always linked to sales promotions. Stage 6: Reinforcement: To confirm customers’ choices and create a sense of satisfaction about their actions or purchase. HOW ADVERTISING WORKS? 4 key models are used in planning advertising today: Sales response model: Sales response model is a very simple price-based model. It encourages the purchase of a product purely on the basis of its price. Persuasion model: Persuasion model takes the advertisement as a starting point and if it is effectively compiled, its impact and message should persuade the audience that the product presented is the best one . Brand advantage is secured by highlighting a specific benefit of a product. Brand: product characteristics + added value. Involvement Model: It aims to interest and engage the consumer. Once the interest is there, a relationship is created with the audience, to feel good about the product. The next step is the commitment to the product, resulting in increased sales. Saliency model: It depends on innovative brand, product- awareness. It moves the audience emotionally closer to the brand product. It generates a feeling of â€Å"that product is for me†. INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ADVERTISING International tourism advertising  is  tourism-related marketing on the part of a private or public entity directed towards audiences abroad, and might target potential travelers and non-travelers alike. Wholly private firms such as travel agencies, hotel chains, cruise agencies,  non-governmental organizations. When planning tourism advertising it is essential to consider customer buying patterns when planning a holiday (even tourism industry staff). These are the usual steps for most people. STEP 1: Type of holiday Usually the first question is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"what type of holiday do we want? †Ã‚  This may be a seaside holiday, a touring by car holiday, perhaps a fishing trip, a restful quiet break in a mountain retreat, a houseboat holiday or one of many other options. STEP 2: Location â€Å"Where is the best place for our chosen type of holiday?   Will it be within the same state, interstate, perhaps New Zealand? † STEP 3: Other activities â€Å"What else will we do while there? † What other attractions or activities  are available to enjoy? Other activities of appeal may be bushwalking, visiting wineries, playing golf, water skiing, river cruises, shopping, etc†Ã‚   While there may be a main reason for visiting a destination, usually customers want to know about other features. STEP 4: Accommodation â€Å"Where shall we stay? †Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"What options are there in type, standard and tariff? † STEP 5: Dates and travel method â€Å"When do we want to travel? †Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"How will we travel? † STEP 6: Bookings  Ã¢â‚¬Å"How do we make bookings? † â€Å"Do we need to book in advance? †Booking is also a major concern. Assistance with information: When formulating travel plans, frequently customers need information to assist with their decisions. The most popular sources of information are: * Visitor Information Centres (reached by phone, e-mail or writing) * Internet, websites are very popular with both Australian customers, particularly in capital cities, and overseas visitors Destination brochures * Travel agents (particularly for some destinations reached by air services or cruises) * Automobile clubs (for touring customers) * Friends and relatives who have previously visited the intended holiday destination. It is important to note that selection of the destination is a significant part of the process of planning leisure travel. If customers know little about the destination, it is not likely to be high on their list of preferred places to visit. The various steps above need to be kept in mind when designing tourism advertising. As the global travel market continues to expand with yearly increasing flights among international destinations, advertising efforts on the part of the major actors in this market are also increasing. Advertising  campaigns to promote travel to destinations abroad are particularly prevalent in western countries where the general public's expenditures on tourism tend to be consistently high, even in light of the  economic recession. Many advertisers, which include both private entities and foreign governments themselves, share the intended goal of increasing their own revenue by popularizing their service (e. . , airline or hotel chain) or destination to boost receipts from travelers; however, some travel campaigns have additional or alternative purposes, such as promoting good public sentiments or improving existing ones towards them among the target audience. Sometimes, states may use the branding of a product or service, itself, as a means of conveying a specific message withou t explicitly stating the message; this tactic is often used to soften the implied message itself, thus allowing the brander to sidestep or minimize controversy and/or opposition. DESTINATION ADVERTISING A great degree of ads promoting foreign countries are produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often serve as  vehicles for political statements and/or depictions  of the destination country's desired foreign public Perceptions. Following are only a few of the many examples of government-produced tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions. BAHAMAS: The Bahamas are commonly considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the Caribbean and the island nation advertises itself as such. Television ads and website produced by the government of the Bahamas specifically foster the image of the islands providing a care-free, exciting, culturally rich, and even romantic experience for travelers; a recent slogan for the marketing campaign was â€Å"It's better in the Bahamas† to reinforce the contrast between the desired perception as a low-stress getaway and the hectic nature of whatever living environment tourists would be leaving behind. The Bahamas have, however, actually traditionally seen high violent crime rates,  so the tourism marketing attempts to focus the audience's attention on the azure water and beaches and draw it away from any negative elements of life there. Managing perceptions  is a common part of advertising of many consumer products and services, focusing the audience's mind solely on the desirable aspects of whatever is being sold and away from any possible drawbacks or consequences. INDIA The common impression of  India  in the West has long been either negative—including perceptions of widespread poverty, lack of sophisticated hygiene, and violent ethnic and religious clashes—or ambivalent, so the Indian government's Ministry of Tourism began a marketing campaign, â€Å"Incredible  India,† to emphasize the country's rich culture, historic sites, tourist attractions, and general sense of excitement and dynamism to western audiences. Tourism is an extremely lucrative and growing global industry so it is no surprise that India, a developing nation, is striving to capitalize on that market to boost its economy. In addition, India is also looking to strengthen its international security and diplomatic ties while broadening and deepening its trade relationships, especially with the U. S ,  so it is in India's interest to promote a positive light for itself among the American and western voting populations in order to garner future international support and aid. MEXICO Recently in 2010 the Tourism Board of  Mexico, a public office that aggregates the resources and interests of the federal, state, and municipal governments, launched a tourism advertising campaign in the  United States  and  Canada—the new campaign's purpose is expressly demonstrated by its marketing slogan, â€Å"Mexico, the place you thought you knew. † The print and television ads feature views of Mexico's beaches, natural wonders, cultural festivities, and historical artifacts like Mayan pyramids and Spanish churches in order to provide a counterbalance to the less preferable popular preconceptions. The eventual goal of tourism board is likely to increase tourism revenue for the country, but, for now, the Tourism Board is focusing on  managing perceptions  among the general populations of Mexico's two major neighboring trade partners. MALAYSIA In 1999, Malaysia launched a worldwide marketing campaign called â€Å"Malaysia, Truly Asia† which was largely successful in bringing in over 7. 4 million tourists. The extra revenue recently generated by tourism helped the country’s economy during the economic crisis of 2008. However, it is mainly Malaysia’s heavy government Regulations of the economy which enabled it to be barely affected by the recent 2008 global economic crisis. In recent years tourism has been threatened by the negative effects of the growing industrial economy. Due to the large amounts of air and water pollution along with deforestation, tourism has decreased in affected areas. EMIRATES Through advertising for the Emirates airline, one of the major themes that Dubai promotes is its evolving status as a key geographic and economic player in the Middle East. Emirates advertising describe Dubai as â€Å"The perfect hub for an expanding global network† THAILAND Tourism is a major economic factor in the Kingdom of Thailand, contributing an estimated 6. 7% to Thailand's GDP in 2007. The main marketing slogan for promoting Thailand internationally was â€Å"Amazing Thailand†, but, in reaction to the 2009 tourism crisis, it was relaunched as â€Å"Amazing Thailand, Amazing Value â€Å". By contrast, the main marketing slogan for promoting Thai tourism to the Thai is Unseen in Thailand. ABOUT TOURISM INDUSTRY Tourism is the largest service industry in  India  . It contributes 6. 23% to the  national GDP. According to  World Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011  ranked tourism in India sixth in terms of price competitiveness and 39th in terms of safety and security In 2011, total Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTA) in India were 5. 78 million. The majority of foreign tourists come to India from USA and UK, Kerala,  Tamil Nadu,  Delhi,  Uttar Pradesh  and  Rajasthan are the top five states to receive inbound tourists. Domestic tourism in 2011 was 740 million. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra received the big share of domestic visitors. Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency . It formulates national policies and programmes for the development and promotion of tourism. Concerted efforts are being made by them to promote new forms of tourism such as rural, cruise, medical and eco-tourism. The Ministry of Tourism also maintains the Incredible India  campaign. However inspite of these achievements, India's tourism industry faces a number of problems such as: * India has a worker shortage. * Insufficient accommodation * Unclean rooms effect tourism adversely. * Food problems concern the foreign tourists. * Many places in the interior of the country are not well-connected by proper roads, railways or airways. * Excessive bureaucracy also delays new hotel and transportation projects, Tourists are often exploited economically * Criminal elements in India can make visits to India unsafe for women and elderly tourists. The tourist attractions in India are also being damaged by pollution. Oil refinery smoke is damaging the TajMahal, while ecosystems of the coasts, Rann of Kutch and the Himalayas are being battered by pollution. Areas Where Problems are Acute * Tourism problems are more common in the rural interior of the country. Orrisa is one of such places where problems are more. * These areas are rich in natural beauty, but they often lack basic infrastructure and accommodations for tourists. Often these regions are highly agrarian. The Government is often unable to secure enough land for developing tourism infrastructure, because it adversely affects local farmers. EFFECT OF TOURISM PROBLEMS IN INDIA * Tourism problems have contributed to India's low share of 1 percent of the world's total tourist arrival percentage. * It also leads to concentration of tourist attention to certain parts of the country. For example, the transport and communication industries of Delhi, Jaipur, Agra in northern India and Bhubaneswar, Konark, Puri in Orissa are preferred over other equally attractive Indian destinations. These problems also shorten the tourist season in India, which in turn leads to unemployment in off-seasons Future of Tourism * Despite all the problems with tourism in India, the industry has a bright future. * Tourist arrivals in 2012 are expected to rise 22 percent * Foreign exchange earnings from this industry are predicted to rise 33 percent above 2004 earnings. * The positive expectations have been based on the current growth rate of the industry which is being attributed to the fast-growing Indian economy for the past three to four years. Despite short- and medium-term setbacks, such as shortage of hotel rooms,  tourism revenues are expected to surge by 42% from 2007 to 2017 * India's rich history and its cultural and geographical diversity make its international tourism appeal large and diverse. It presents heritage and cultural tourism along with medical, business and sports tourism. TOURISM IN VARIOUS STATES OF INDIA ANDHRA PRADESH The state of Andhra Pradesh has scenic hills, forests, beaches and temples. It is one of the most developed cities in the country and a modern hub of information technology, ITES, and biotechnology. Hyderabad is known for its rich history, culture and architecture representing Its unique character as a meeting point for North and South India, and has a multilingual culture. It is called as city of nawabs Andhra Pradesh has many famous temples: * Tirupati -the abode of Lord Venkateswara is the richest and most visited religious center (of any faith) in the world. Srisailam- the abode of Sri Mallikarjuna is one of twelve Jyothirlingalu in India. * Amravati’s Siva temple is one of the Pancharamams. ATTRACTIONS: * Charminar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Center of the Hyderabad Old City. Golkonda  Fort – Largest and 400 years oldest fort. * Makka Masjid– Masjid in Hyderabad City. * Ramoji Film City– Largest Film City in the world situated in Hyderabad City. * The golden beaches at  Visakhapatnam, picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, are some of the natural attractions of the state. ARUNANCHAL PRADESH Arunachal Pradesh is a serene land tucked into the North Eastern tip of India. ATTRACTIONS: * It has picturesque hills and valley * There are places of worship and piligrimage such as Parasuramkund and 400 years old Tawang Monastery. There are also sites of archeological excavations like Malinithan and Itanagar, the serene beauty of lakes such as Ganga lake or Sela lake or the numerous variations of scenic beauty of the snow clad silver mountain peaks and lush green meadows. ASSAM Assam is the central state in the  North-East Region  of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the  Seven Sister States. ATTRACTIONS * Assam has famous wildlife preserves – The  Kaziranga National Park, which is home to the  Great Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros. Manas National Park  which is one of the most famous place of Assam * Tezpur, tea-estate. ,bazaars, temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. BIHAR Bihar is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world . The rich culture and heritage of Bihar is evident from the innumerable  ancient  monuments that are dotted all over this  state in  eastern India. ATTRACTIONS: * Patna  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Patna is the capital of Bihar, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Gaya  Ã¢â‚¬â€œGaya is known for  Bodh Gaya  the place at which  Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment. Muzaffarpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Muzzaffarpur is Famous for its education. * Sasaram  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Sasaram is famous for Tomb of Sher Shah Suri, the great Emperor of  medieval India. CHHATTISGARH Chhattisgarh  is a new state but with an ancient civilization and is one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country. There are many tourist attractions worth seeing. ATTRACTIONS * The state is blessed by nature with magnificent waterfalls, mountains, forests and wildlife Chitrakot Waterfalls, Kutumsar Caves, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra,  Bhoramdeo temple,  Sirpur,  Rajim,  Ratanpur  and  Malhar. DELHI Delhi  is the capital city of India. New Delhi  is famous for its British colonial architecture, wide roads, and tree-lined boulevards. Delhi is home to numerous political landmarks. ATTRACTIONS * It currently has many renowned historic monuments and landmarks such as the  Tughlaqabad fort,Qutub Minar,  Purana Quila,  Lodhi Gardens,  Jama Masjid,  Humayun's tomb,  Red Fort, and  Safdarjung's Tomb. * Modern monuments include  Jantar Mantar,  India Gate,  Rashtrapati Bhavan,  Laxminarayan Temple,  Lotus temple  and  Akshardham Temple * It also has national museums, Islamic shrines, Hindu temples, green parks, and trendy malls. GOA Goa  is one of the most famous  tourist destinations  in India. It is a former colony of  Portugal. ATTRACTIONS * Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, Portuguese churches, Hindu temples, and wildlife sanctuaries. * The  Basilica of Bom Jesus,  Mangueshi Temple,  Dudhsagar Falls and  Shantadurga  are famous attractions in Goa. * Recently a Wax Museum (Wax World) has also opened in Old Goa housing a number of wax personalities of Indian history, culture and heritage. GUJARAT Gujarat is the seventh largest state in  India, located in the western part of India. It is the tenth most popular state in the country for tourists . It is also known asWorld's largest Temple Complex, there are more than 3000 temples located on the Shatrungaya hills, exquisitely carved in marble. ATTRACTIONS * Gujarat offers scenic beauty from  Great Rann of Kutch  to the hills of Saputara. * Gujarat is the sole home of the pure  Asiatic Lions. * Gujarat offers many types of tourism like Business Tourism, archeological & heritage Tourism, cultural Tourism, religious Tourism, wildlife Tourism, medical Tourism and much more. HARYANA Capital of Haryana is Chandigarh ,which is a union territory. Haryana Pilgrim Destinations offers the devotes with a wide range of sacred places which are of considerable religious and historical significance. The pilgrim places of Haryana are thronged by devotees all over the year, who visit the important religious places in order to seek divine blessings and eternal happiness. The state of Haryana has a long historical and cultural tradition which is manifested in the numerous religious places which fills the tourist with an intense sense of satisfaction. Some of the notable â€Å"Pilgrim Destinations† of Haryana are: ATTRACTIONS * Kurukshetra- The historical place of â€Å"Kurukshetra† is the cradle of Hindu civilization. The fierce battle field of the holy land of â€Å"Kurukhshetra† is a witness to the discourse between the mighty and valiant ruler â€Å"Arjuna† and his divine charioteer â€Å"Lord Krishna. * Jyotisar- The ancient place of â€Å"Jyotisar† is the nurturing ground of the values and principles that guide the oldest religion of the world, the â€Å"Hindu† religion. The significance of the place lies in the fact that the holy religious text of the â€Å"Hindus†, the â€Å"Bhagwad Gita† was complied in this sacred place * Thanesar- The sacred place of â€Å"Thanesar† has two important religious temples of the Sthanesvar Mahadev Temple and the â€Å"Ma Bhadra Kali Temple that draws several devotees throughout the year * Pehowa- The holy land of â€Å"Pehowa† is an important religious place among the Hindus, who pray to the deceased member of their family and offer â€Å"Pind Daan† o release them from the cycle of birth and re-birth * Panchkula- The beautiful place of Panchkula offers the tourist with numerous places of religious and historical importance, including â€Å"Morni hills† and â€Å"Tikkar Taal†. HIMACHAL PRADESH ATTRACTIONS * Himachal Pradesh  is famous for its  Himalayan  landscapes and popular  hill-stations. Many outdoor activities such as  rock climbing,  mountain biking, paragliding,  ice-skating, and  helicopter-skiing  are popular tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh. * Shimla, the state capital, is very popular among tourists.. Shimla is also a famous  skiing  attraction in India. Other popular hill stations include  Manali  and  Kasauli. * Dharamshala, home of the  Dalai Lama, is known for its Tibetan monasteries and Buddhist temples. Many  trekkingexpeditions also begin here. JAMMU AND KASHMIR Jammu & Kashmir  is known for its scenic landscape . Jammu and Kashmir  is the northernmost state of India. It is also called as â€Å"Paradise on Earth†. ATTRACTIONS * Jammu  is noted for its scenic landscape, ancient temples and mosques, Hindu and Muslim shrines, castles, gardens and forts. * The Hindu holy shrines of Amarnath in  Kashmir Valley  attracts about   Vaishno Devi  also attract thousands of Hindu devotees every year. Notable places are  Dal Lake,  Srinagar, Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc. * Ladakh  has emerged as a major hub for adventure tourism . It consistsof naked peaks and deep gorges. Leh, the capital, is also a growing tourist spot. KARNATAKA Karnataka has been ranked as fifth most popular destination for tourism among states of India. It has the second highest number of protected monuments in India, and 507 Kannada  dynastieslike  Kadambas,  WesternGangas,  Chalukyas,  Rashtrakutas,  HoysalaVijayanagaras  and the  Kingdom of Mysore. ATTRACTIONS * Gol Gumbaz,  Bijapur, has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world fter the Byzantine  HagiaSophia. Karnataka  has two   world heritage sites, at  Hampi and  Pattadakal. * Jog falls of  Shimoga District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. * Karnataka has 21 wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more than 500 species of birds. * Karnataka has many beaches at  Karwar,  Gokarna,  Murdeshwara,  and Surathkal. Karnataka is a rock climber’s paradise. * Fort in Chitradurga, Ramnagaram district near  Bangalore, Shivagangein in  Tumkur  district and tekal in  Kolar  district are a rock climber’s heaven. KERALA Kerala  is a state on the tropical  Malabar Coast  of southwestern India. Its unique culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demography, has made it one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. it is also called Gods own country†. ATTRACTIONS * Popular attractions in the state include the beaches at  Kovalam,  Kappad, Muzhuppilangad, Cherai and Varkala. * The hill stations of  Munnar,Thekkady, Nelliampathi, Ponmudi and  Wayanad. * The National Parks/ Wildlife sanctuaries at Periyar and Eravikulam . * The â€Å"backwaters region†Ã¢â‚¬â€an extensive network of interlocking rivers, lakes, and canals that centre on  Alleppey, Kumarakom, and Punnamada also see heavy tourist traffic. Cities such as  Kochi,  Thrissur,  Kozhikode  and  Trivandrum  are popular centres for shopping and traditional theatrical performances. MADHYA PRADESH Madhya Pradesh  is called the â€Å"Heart of India† because of its location in the centre of the country. Madhya Pradesh is also known as  Tiger State  because of the tiger population. ATTRACTIONS * Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples, stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the state. * The temples of  Khajuraho  are wor ld-famous for their erotic sculptures. * Gwalior  is famous for its fort, Jai Vilas Palace, the Tomb of Rani Lakshmibai, Md. Ghaus & Tansen. * National parks like Kanha, Bandhavgadh, Shivpuri are famous for tigers. MAHARASHTRA Maharashtra is the most visited state in India by foreign tourists. Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra which was earlier called Bombay. Mumbai  is the most popular cosmopolitan city in India, and a great place to experience modern India. Mumbai is famous for  Bollywood, the world's largest film industry. In addition, Mumbai is famous for its clubs, shopping, and upscale gastronomy. ATTRACTIONS * Ajanta Caves,  Ellora Caves  and ancient  Elephanta Caves  Ã‚  are  in  Maharashtra  . Islamic  Haji Ali  Mosque, to the colonial architecture ofBombay High Courtand  Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminusallare in Maharashtra . * It also has numerous adventure tourism destinations, including  paragliding,  rock climbing,  canoeing,  kayaking,  snorkeling, andscuba diving. * Maharashtra also has several pristine national parks and reserves, some of the best ones are Tadoba with excellent accommodation and safari experiences . * The city of  Pune  the seat of the  Maratha Empire  and the fantastic  Ganesh Chaturthi  celebrations together contribute for the Tourism sector of Maharashtra. MANIPUR Manipur  as the name suggest is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, dance, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists' favourite place. ATTRACTIONS * The beautiful and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at  Loktak Lakeare few of the rare things found in Manipur. * Othermain tourist attractions are:Imphal Churachandpur Keibul Lamjao National Park,War cemeteries and Loktak Lake. MEGHALAYA Meghalaya has some of the thickest surviving forests in the country. Therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in the country today. The Meghalayan subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. Shilling is the capital of Meghalaya. ATTRACTIONS * The  Umiam Lake has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters and speedboats. * Cherrapunjee  is one of the most popular tourist . * The popular waterfalls in the state are the Elephant Falls, Shadthum Falls, Weinia falls, Bishop Falls, Nohkalikai Falls,  Langshiang Falls  and Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near Mawsynram are believed to have curative and medicinal properties. ORISSA Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of festivals at  Udayagiri. ATTRACTIONS * Khandagiri Caves, Lalitagiri as well as Ratnagiri, on the banks of river Birupa are very famous. Precious fragments of a glorious past come alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts, excavate d monasteries,  viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in caskets and the Rock-edicts of  Ashoka. * Orissa is also famous for its well-preserved Hindu Temples, especially theJagnath Temple at Puri,  Konark Sun Temple  and  The Leaning Temple of Huma. WEST BENGAL Kolkata is the capital of  West Bengal  . It is called â€Å"City of Palaces† and the â€Å"City of Joy†. This comes from the numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. It is famous for sarees and sweets and leather bags and shoes. ATTRACTIONS It is famous for howrah bridge which is very uniquely constructed * Metro train and planetariums are other tourist attractions PONDICHERRY The  Union Territoryof  Pondicherrycomprises four coastal regions viz- Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam. Pondicherry is the Capital of this Union Territory and one of the most popular tourist destinations in  South India. ATTRACTIONS * The city has many beautiful colonial buildings, churches, temples. * It has statues, combined with the systematic town planning and the well planned French style avenues. PUNJAB The state of Punjab is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history. Punjab has a vast public transportation and communication network. Chandigarh is the capital of panjab. Some of the main cities in Punjab are  Amritsar,Chandigarh, Patiala and  Ludhiana. Punjab also has a rich  Sikh religious  history and tourists visiting on a daily basis. ATTRACTIONS * Amritsar is a big tourist spot, a lot of five star hotels are there . it is famous for Wagha border which is border of India and Pakistan and Jallianwalla Bagh Hatiyakand. * Chandigarh has famous lake sukna lake,rose garden,rock garden where monuments are made of waste article RAJASTHAN Rajasthan known as pink city of india , is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in  Northern India. The vast sand dunes of the  Thar Desertattract millions of tourists from around the globe every year. ATTRACTIONS: * Jaipur– The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich history and royal architecture. * Jodhpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Jodhpur is the Fortress-city at the edge of the  Thar Desert, famous for its blue homes and architecture. * Udaipur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Udaipur is known as the â€Å"Venice† of India. * Jaisalmer  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Jaisalmer is famous for its golden fortress. * Bikaner  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Bikaner is famous for its medieval history as a trade route outpost. Mount Abu  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Mount Abu is the highest peak in the  Aravalli Range  of  Rajasthan. * Pushkar  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Pushkar has one of the very fast Brahma temples in the world. * Ranthambore  Ã¢â‚¬â€œIt has one of the largest national parks in India. SIKKIM The capital of Sikkim is  Gangtok, it is located approximately 105 kilometers from  New Jalpaiguri, the nearest railway station to Sikkim. Sikkim is considered as the land of orchids, mystic cultures and colorful traditions. ATTRACTIONS * Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers. * Places near Sikkim include  Darjeeling  also known as the â€Å"Queen of Hills† and  Kalimpong. Although, an airport is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the nearest airport to Sikkim is Bagdogra which is famous for imported items at cheap price. * The popular sightseeing places include Baba Mandir, Nathula Pass, Rumtek Monastery, Handicraft Shops and Tsangpo Lake. TAMIL NADU Tamil Nadu is the top state in attracting the maximum number of foreign tourists in India it is famous for many temples and other tourist spots. It is also known for medical tourism and has some of Asia's largest hospital. ATTRACTIONS * It has Great Living Chola Temples  and  Mahabalipuram. Tamil Nadu has some great temples like  Madurai,Meenakshi ,Amman Temple and  Brihadeeswarar Temple. * Kanyakumari  is the southernmost tip of India provides scenic view of sunset and sunshine over the Indian ocean.. Hill stations like  Ã‚  Kodaikanal,  Ooty,  Valparai,  Yelagiri  are widely visited. UTTAR PRADESH It is Situated in the northern part of India, bordered with the capital of India  ,New Delhi. Uttar Pradesh  is the most popular tourist destination in India. Uttar Pradesh is important with its wealth of historical monuments and religious fervour. Uttar Pradesh  is the historical heart land of India, where each part of the state is attached with ancient history, civilization, religions and culture. ATTRACTIONS * Varanasi- It is the origin of Hinduism and world's one of the oldest cities. It is also known as City of Temples . It is Most popular holy place of lord  Shiva  devotees. Some of the finest  Textiles  are produced here. * Agra  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Taj Mahal  and several others historical monuments and gardens. * Allahabad  or  Prayag  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ It is the place where Indian national rivers,  Ganges  ,  Yamuna  and  Saraswati rivers meet. A mass Hindu pilgrimage n which  Hindus  gather at the Ganges river. Akbar  forts. One of the most popular religious center of ancient and modern India for Hinduism. UttarPradeshs administrative and education capital. * Kanpur  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚   It is Uttar Pradeshs commercial and Industrial hub. Has several historical places from  Mughal,  British  era. * Mathura- It is the birth place of Lord  Krishna  of  Hinduism  and  Neminath of  Jainism. * Ayodhya- It is the birth place of Lord  Rama  of   Hinduism. * Jhansi-It is a historical place. This city was centre of Rani  Lakshmibai's battlefield against  British. * Sarnath-Gautama Buddha first taught the  Dharma here. The eleventh Jain Tirthankar of the  Jainism. * Noida  and  Greater Noida- These are the IT,  Electronics  and education hub of  Northern India. India's biggest city with planned and high teck residential area. * Gorakhpur –is famous for  Jim Corbett National Park  and Nainital. PART B ABOUT THE SUBJECT TOURISM Tourism  is  travelfor  recreational,  leisure  or  business  purposes. The  WorldTourism Organization  defines  tourists  as people â€Å"traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†. Tourism is the fastest growing, industry in the world. It is also one of the world’s most competitive sectors. The completion is increasing as more and more countries seek to attract tourist and more companies and organization become involved in the highly skilled business of transporting, accommodating and catering for tourists. Tourism needs to be marketed, just as any other product, indeed more so, because it is an industry in which the costumer still has an immense variety of choice. There are a number of destinations competing with each other to get a bigger and bigger share of the market. As applied to the tourism industry, the important functions of marketing are to bring about an awareness of the product in the minds of the consumers in the market areas. This is done by way of promotion. TOURISM PROMOTION Tourism promotion is one of the elements of the marketing mix and an important tool for marketing. The term promotion is interpreted and defined in many ways. Basically, the purpose of promotion is to inform. Or persuade, to encourage or, more specially, to influence the potential customers or trade intermediaries (travel agent, tour operators, reservation, services, hotel and charter manner). Like in any other industry, successful marketing in tourism cannot rely only on a product of the right kind, on a market related pricing policy and on a reliable and effective distribution network, systematic communications with actual and potential customers and with the trade intermediaries bridging the gap between producer on the one hand and the customer on the other is also needed. The consumer must be aware of the existence of a tourist place of a tourist product. How is the awareness to be brought about in minds of the consumers in the market areas? Some of the easily identifiable methods are advertising, sales support and public relations. These are the three major marketing tools which any organization uses to information actual as well as a potential customer. Advertising plays an important and limited role within the process of marketing. Good marketers see their business from the customers view point and organize their entire enterprises to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. ADVERTISEMENT Advertisement may be defined as any activity designed to spread information with a view to promoting the sales of marketable goods and services. It plays a crucial role in marketing a tourist product. The tourism ministry has also played an important role in the development of the industry, initiating advertising campaign such as the â€Å"Incredible India† campaign, which promoted India’s culture and tourists’s attractions in a fresh and memorable way. The campaign helped to create a colorful image of India in the minds of consumers all over the world, and has directly led to an increase in the interest among tourists. The prime purpose of advertising is to create awareness. The ultimate purpose of advertising and promotion is to influence human behavior, to motivate and to manipulate demand. Advertising has been added importance where it is used in a supportive role to complement other campaign elements, such as promotional print, tactical price cuts, and sales promotion are often required to make a prospective customer aware of the existence of the other campaign elements. The two most important considerations in effective advertising are the medium which provide the reach, and the message, which provides the communication . n travel and tourism, the special role of sales literature, which is partly sales promotion and partly distribution, must also be included in marketing communication. While the choice of promotional techniques are important to motivate and move consumers they will not bear results if facilitation techniques have not been employed to market easy for motivated people to achieve purchases. Advertising enables you to promote a specific message to a wide audience but unlike pr it’s not free! It can be an extremely expensive promotional tool which is notoriously difficult to evaluate. Advertising is good for creating and building ‘awareness’ but this is not necessarily the same as the building scales. There are few organizations that can’t benefit in some way from advertising campaign, but to avoid wasted efforts and expense, it must be even more carefully planned than any other promotional activity. Advertising usually has either tactical or strategic objectives. Strategic advertising is concerned with creating awareness of markets, and of products, of developing an organization s identity and image. Strategic advertising takes a longer term view. Tactical advertising is aimed at specific market segments, and persuading them to go to a particular place or buy a certain service, sometimes at a particular time. Tactical advertising takes a more shot to medium term view. SELECTION OF MEDIA How much ever you plan your advertising in advance, there will always be occasions when an advertising sales person telephones you with a special offer. Some of these might be genuine. Most are not. ou should do your best to resist there will be another opportunity and your advertising will be much more effective if it is proactive and planned rather than reliant on those last minute special offers , especially if they are for new publications which no which no one has heard of and which disappear almost instantly. The selection of appropriate media is usually based on three criteria: 1. Cost of space- in the print media on time radio, TV and cinema screen. Cost is obviously very important and is expressed in terms of cost per thousand contacts. Whilst being a useful yardstick it only provides an estimate of potential readers or people who may see an advertisement. Usually a larger the circulation the lower is the cost per thousand. 2. Suitability – if graphics colour or movement is required the medium must be suitable. 3. Appropriateness – the chosen medium must be appropriate for the product or service being promoted and clearly targeted. Before booking any soace or time, telephone the advertising departments of the media you are interested in and ask for a copy of their media pack. This outlines the various advertising opportunities, costs, and profile of readers, viewers or listeners, as well as giving technical data for the publication or programme. For most organizations their budgetary restrictions will limit their choice to advertising in publications rather than on television or radio. Television has been proven as an excellent and very persuasive medium but is expensive. Not only is the cost of time slots costly but also the production of good advertisements. If you have sufficient budget for television advertising you should use an advertising agency to help you buy the time as well as produce an effective advertisement. Radio advertising is cheaper than television and can be useful for events and tourism products which are easy to buy such as well known attractions . radio advertising is less effective for products and services which need detailed explanations. The choice of publications in which to advertise is vast. In addition to local and national press, there are also special interest magazines and tourist board guides . f you run any special interest holidays ,these magazines are very useful. When you have obtained media packs and information about relevant publications, use the following criteria to draw up a short list. Profile of readership Do the readers correspond to your target markets? The readership profile should detail readers in terms of age and socio –economic profile, as well as giving further details about hob bies and interests, and any research about holiday-taking habits. Tourism products are a major source of revenue for many publications so they will usually have more detailed information available if you ask for it. Readership Most publications will give their circulation and readership figures. The readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read publication, not just buy it. For some publications will give their circulation and readership figures are more interesting because these show the actual number of people who will see and read the publication, not just buy it. For some publications there will be a big difference between the circulation and readership figures. Some of the more up market monthly magazines have relatively low circulation figures but a long shelf life and high readership figures-particularly when they are the types of publication you see in doctors and dentists surgeries! When considering readership figures, look also at the distribution method for the publication. Is it one which people really demand, by buying it at a newsagents or requesting it from a tourist information centre? Or one which arrives un -requested through the letterbox? Publication date We will need to plan ahead and choose publications whose copy dates you can meet. Even more important are publication dates. If most people plan and book their holiday with you in November, there is little point advertising in a publication which appears in may, unless it is tactical advertising and you are looking for top-up business. The media pack will probably include details of forthcoming features which might be relevant to you. Sometimes it is a good idea to advertise within a relevant feature but remember that competitors will probably be doing the same. It can be useful to stand alone and make a bigger impact at anothertime, if the timing is right for you. Advertising rates The deciding factor will inevitably be whether or not you can afford to advertise in your chosen publications and if it is cost-effective . set your budget in advance and stick to it. You might decide to place your advertising through an agency which shouldn’t actually cost you anything because they will take a commission from the the publications, and May already have special rates. When placing advertisements always ask if there’s any chance of editorial coverage and the name of the person you should contact. Evaluating advertising campaigns They’ll never find out which half of your advertising budget was a good investment unless you monitor it. keep a record of the media in which you advertised, when and the cost . make sure that all staff are aware of the need to monitor advertising expenditure and ask them to make a point of asking people who book with you where they heard about you, and to make a note of this. You can also monitor which publications work for you by using different types of advertisement, such as specific packages or codes when people are asked to complete tear –off vouchers for further information. Monitoring advertising campaigns is more difficult for destinations and attractions where people simply turn up. Where-ever possible you should conduct brief visitor surveys (using students on work placements is an easy way of doing this) questioning representative group or people at difficult times of the year. you will be able to increase the effectiveness of any advertising if it is carefully thought through and planned in advance . advertising should also be integrated into the marketing plan so activities can be dovetailed . you will raise more awareness of your product. Advertising on outdoor and non-print media. The past 20 years have seen dramatic shifts in advertising, as TV press and radio have become increasingly fragmented and diverse as audience media consumption continually changes. This means that the marketer has much more choices in which advertising medium to choose from and if you know the media, or in this case, travelling habits of your target market, should make reaching them a lot easier than merely hoping they will be watching an episode of Coronation Street on a Wednesday night. If you are in the market to buy media space ,things have been sewn up by Viacom outdoor, who sell space on behalf of transport for london,including buses,london underground ,docklands light railway, and the major train ,tram and coach networks . nice and easy! Rail advertising Rail advertising offers opportunities to reach a broad audience, from daily business commuters to leisure traveler’s . rail sites offer the benefit of longer dwell-time, allowing more detailed copy, and aiding brand recall. There is a wide selection of sites across several major rail networks throughout the uk,including central trains(across the midlands and beyond),chiltern railways(commuter connection from London Marylebone to Birmingham),gner(east coast mainline s service between london king,s cross and Scotland )and merseyrail(key commuter network in the north west). This can work well for local advertisers to complement existing mixed media ,or as part of a Uk –wide rail campaign . There is a wide range of campaign options and associations costs, but to give an example of a four week campaign the following costs. Could apply. Below are some examples of the main media options available; Tube car panels Tube car panels can be found inside the carriages and benefit from a captive audience for an average of 13 minutes every journey. Escalator and stair panels. They are situated in a range of locations across the networks and are available to buy as part of general distribution packs, line by line and in special packs. DO’S AND DON’TS OF ADVERTISING 1. DO HAVE A PLAN: No matter how small or how large is the tourism destination or tourism business, there needs to be an annual marketing plan, even a simple one. It does not need to be complex but the plan will provide direction and help make better decisions about advertising opportunities as they arise. 2. DO HAVE A BUDGET: Many advertising opportunities look too good to miss – but are they? If there is a set budget for marketing for the year, this imposes self-discipline on how funds are allocated. Advertisements should be within budget to avoid problems related to financing of advertisements. 3. DO HAVE A BUSINESS OBJECTIVE: There should be a business objective. Some suggested business objectives could be: * To stimulate demand in a shoulder period. These advertisements may have a retail approach using packages to attract customers * TO promote a new feature like an attraction, extending trading hours, a motel adding a dining room or a houseboat operator adding new houseboats to the fleet * To compete against new competition by reminding customers that they will still be welcome 4. DO HAVE A CLEAR REASON FOR ANY ADVERTISEMENT: The days have gone when advertisements can be scheduled without a clear business reason. What the advertisement is designed to achieve should be stated up front so that evaluation is easier. 5. DO RECOGNISE THE IMPORTANCE OF DESTINATION MARKETING: Every tourism business needs to be cognisant of the importance of destination marketing. If the customers do not visit your destination and go somewhere else, no tourism business or any other business will earn any revenue from visitors. 6. DO CONSIDER CAREFULLY THE FORMATOF ADVERTISEMENT: Many regional tourism businesses spend money on advertisements that fail to produce results. Often they blame the newspaper, magazine, or other medium which was used. Far too often the advertisement fails because it has a format that does not attract the attention of customers. The â€Å"Advertising formats† section of this paper has further details. DON’TS OF ADVERTISEMENTS DON’T WASTE MONEY ON â€Å"ONE-OFF† ADVERTISEMENTS: Advertising only once in any consumer newspaper, magazine, trade press, radio, TV or any other medium does not usually achieve anything. It takes a series of advertisements to have impact. Tourism businesses that schedule one advertisement should not be surprised when they get no response. DON’T WASTE MONEY ON SMALL ADVERTISEMENTS: Some tourism businesses say that they have a small budget and can only afford a small advertisement in consumer print media. In that instance it is recommended that other marketing techniques be used. Small advertisements usually are not seen by customers and become a waste of money. The exception is classified sections in newspaper regular travel features and automobile club magazines. They are read by prospective customers. DON’T STRUCTURE ADVERTISEMENTS TO PLEASE YOU. DESIGN THEM FOR TOURISTS: When a customer sees any tourism advertising, always at the back of their mind, in some form, is the question, â€Å"what’s in it for me? † If customers cannot see any benefits to enjoy,   the sale (booking or attraction entry) will be lost. DON’T USE PHOTOGRAPHS WHICH APPEAR TO HAVE COME FROM A FAMILY ALBUM: Tourism destinations and tourism businesses sometimes use photos that look as if they have been taken from a family snapshot album. Such photos can be a real â€Å"turn off†. Any tourism destination or tourism product needs to use photographs that impress customers otherwise they may think your destination or product is second rate. If this occurs not only will you have â€Å"saved a few bob† in the expenditure column, but the revenue column will be down too. When choosing a professional photographer to take photos it can help to choose a photographer skilled in tourism photos. As an example a photographer who is good with wedding photos may not have the skills for tourism photos which are quite different. DON’T HAVE BLAND AND UNINTERESTING COPY Unlike other products, tourism is about enjoyment, excitement, adventure, special interest, relaxation and particularly different experiences. Destinations that are more successful have emotive advertising supported by brochures which attract customers with their carefully selected pictures, appealing design and exciting copy. Advertisements that use bland and uninteresting copy cannot expect tobe competitive, orenthuse customers about their destination or tourism product. ADVERTISEMENT FORMATS Regional tourism spends large sums each year on advertising but how much proves to be effective? Many advertisements fail to produce results, and poor design is often the reason. Advertisements that work follow a number of basic rules. First and foremost, successful advertisements carry a strong message that relates to the reader. It grabs their attention, and excites their interest by presenting customer benefits in a compelling, involving way. The advertisement heading describes the one key selling pointhat will enthuse the reader. This should have no more than eight words. MARKETING There have been various attempts to define â€Å"marketing† but so far no universally accepted definition has been devised . this is perhaps due to the fact that marketing as a compresive management function is farily concept which effectively only started to be applied in the early 1950’s . like most innovations , marketing has been gradually adoptes be increasing the number of enterprises mainly in the fields of consumer products with diverse ideas developed as to what it should embrace and how its priciples should be implemented . n the last few decades , however , marketing has become an established management process and practice in most industries. FEATURES OF TOURISM MARKETING Marketing of tourism product has certain peculiar characterstics. although general principles of marketing of products of other industries could be applicable so marketing of tourist product , there are a certain differences in approach . these differences are because of peculiar character of tourist product . amoung the peculiaities of the tourist product are :- TOURISM IS AN INTANGIBLE , NON MATERIAL PRODUCT No transfer of ownership of goods is involved as compared to a tangible product; say for example , in case of sale of a motor car , certain facilities , installations , items of equipment are made available for a specified time and for specified use . Production and consumption of tourist services are closely interrelated The travel agent or tour operator who sells this product cannot store it . production can only be completed if the customer is actually present. There is a close link between production and consumption of tourist services. Most tourists services cannot be consumed incrementally, in the other words, consumption, once begun, cannot be stopped, interrupted or modified at all. A TOURIST PRODUCT IS ASSEMBLED BY MANY PRODUCERS The tourist product cannot be provided as single enterprises. Each of the components of a tourist product is highly specialized and together makes the final product. This is not so in the case of the other tangible products where one manufacturer produces a total product. In tourism on the other hand, an airline considers seats flown or passenger miles to be its product measures its production. TOURISM DEMAND IS HIGHLY UNSTABLE The demand is influenced by factors such as seasonal, economic, political, et. The seasonal changes greatly affect the demand. Seasonality means that tourism plant is frequently used for a limited part of the year and therefore uneconomic . many tourist areas have a short season usage is the seasonal unemployment, which is a serious problem. Some of the developing countries which have recently established tourist industries suffer particularly from seasonality. DOMINANT ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES In most industries, manufacturers have a predominant control over product design, distribution and promotion and pricing. On the other hand in tourism, sales intermediaries like a tour operators, travel agents, reservation services and hotel brokers play a very dominant role and enjoy superior marketing strength. From the stand point of tourism marketing this strong position of the travel trade has significant implications. The travel trade determines to large extent which services will be sold and to whom . DIVERSE MOTIVATIONS It is comparatively simple to determine why people buy a certain make of refrigerators, smoke certain brands of cigarettes, and use certain brands of toothpaste. The subjective and objective reasons, expectations and desires which influence tourists’ choice for a certain holiday destination, type of accommodation and vacation activities are far less evident. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research refers to the search for Knowledge. At is scientific investigation for the Search for relevant information. Research consists of comprising and referring problem, formulating solutions, collecting, organizing, evaluating data, making conclusions and carefully testing. TITLE OF THE STUDY â€Å"A study on Role of advertisement in promotion of tourism† in India. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY: Advertising may be defined as a form of  communication  used to encourage or  persuade  an audience (viewers, readers or listeners. Sometimes a specific group of people. ) To continue or take some new action. Advertisement helps to promote tourism by providing people with information regarding various places which are known as well unknown to people. Attractive advertisement of a place motivates people to go to the place and hence increase the tourism. Hence this is a study to analyse the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism in India. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Advertisements and publicity play an important role in promotion of tourism in any country. In India numerous advertisements are made every year, however less importance is given to tourism advertisements and publicity. In absence of effective advertisement about tourist places, tourism suffers badly which in turn affect the GDP and employment in the country. Many places in different parts of India like Kerala, Goa etc have remained unexplored and untapped in absence of proper promotion and advertisements This project aims at analyzing the role of advertisement in promotion of tourism. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the relationship of advertisement and tourism * To identify the prominent mode of advertisement used in promoting tourism * To study the tourist attitude towards advertisement * To understand the need of advertising in tourism * To suggest few changes in tourism planning so that the Indian tourism development corporation (ITDC) can improve its advertising and promotion. NEED OF THE STUDY Through this study it would be possible to find out how effective has the role of advertisement been for promoting tourism in India and also the ways in which it can improve tourism in the country. It intends to find answers to the problems and shortcomings in tourism infrastructure development in India and tourism support services such as quantity and quality of publictransport ,accommodation, shopping,information services and internet and tel